This paper sets out our views on how to help address the current malaise through workable and robust safeguards against impropriety, which can be included in any future evolution of the Lords.

Principally, it focuses on how to mitigate the risks of corruption – which we define as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain – rather than the democratic merits of various systems, although the two are interrelated.

We recommend 15 practical solutions to help address the issues we identify, including reforms to rules around the appointment of new political and non-political peers, and rules regarding conduct and disciplinary processes for sitting members.